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principal control authority

Толкование Перевод

1 principal control authority

PCA, principal control authority

главный орган [инстанция] управления

English-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > principal control authority
2 principal control authority

Военный термин: главный орган управления

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > principal control authority
3 PCA

1) Компьютерная техника: Probabilistic Cellular Automata, printed circuit antenna

2) Медицина: Patient Control Analgesia, posterior cricoarytenoid

3) Американизм: Per Capita Apportionment

4) Военный термин: Pacific Communications Area, Penetrator Core Ammunition, Personal Combat Armor, Powered Combat Armor, permanent change of assignment, personal cash allowance, point of closest approach, positive control area, positive controlled airspace, potentially contaminated area, principal component analysis, principal control authority, program change analysis, program checkout facility

5) Техника: pool critical assembly, primary control assembly, primary coolant activity, Physical Configuration Audit, предварительно кондиционированный воздух (Pre-Conditioned Air)

6) Химия: Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid

7) Строительство: Portland Cement Association

8) Железнодорожный термин: Consolidated Rail Corporation

9) Юридический термин: Постоянный арбитражный суд

10) Бухгалтерия: Priority Collection Action

11) Дипломатический термин: СПС (Partnership and Cooperation Agreement - Соглашение о партнерстве и сотрудничестве)

12) Сокращение: Parachute Club of America, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Progressive Citizens of America, Propulsion-Controlled Aircraft, Personal Care Assistant, public key algorithm

13) Физиология: Patient Controlled Analgesia, Patient Controlled Anesthesia, Post Conceptual Age, Prostate Cancer Archive

14) Шахматы: Professional Chess Association

15) Электроника: Printed Circuit Assembly, Processor Controlled Amplitude

16) Вычислительная техника: Printed Circuit Assemblies, Power Calibration Area (CD), Policy Certification Authority (DFN, PGP)

17) Микробиология: Plate Count Agar

18) Иммунология: Peptide competition assay, пептидный конкурентный анализ, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis

19) Транспорт: Positive Control Airspace

20) Парфюмерия: pyrrolidone carbonic acid

21) Фирменный знак: Phone Card Of America

22) Экология: polar cap absorption

23) Энергетика: probabilistic congestion analysis, вероятностные расчёты потока распределения с учётом ограничений

24) ЕБРР: partnership and cooperation agreement

25) Программирование: Programmable Counter Array, аудит физической конфигурации (см. physical configuration audit)

26) Макаров: анализ главных компонент

27) Инженерные войска: Precipitation with Compressed Anti-solvent осаждение при помощи сжатого антирастворителя

28) Молекулярная биология: protein-fragment complementation assay

29) Должность: Personal Care Aide, Personal Care Associate, Personal Care Attendant, Physician Care Assistant

30) Аэропорты: Portage Creek, Alaska USA

31) НАСА: Pitch Change Axis

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PCA
4 PCA

PCA, Pacific Communications Area

Тихоокеанский район связи
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PCA, permanent change of assignment

перевод на постоянную [штатную] должность; перевод в постоянное подчинение
————————
PCA, personal cash allowance(s)

представительские деньги
————————
PCA, point of closest approach

точка наибольшего сближения
————————
PCA, positive control area

зона управления (полетами) путем выдачи подтверждающих команд
————————
PCA, positive controlled airspace

зона воздушного пространства с управлением (полетами) путем выдачи подтверждающих команд
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PCA, potentially contaminated area

участок вероятного заражения
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PCA, principal component analysis

анализ основных компонентов
————————
PCA, principal control authority

главный орган [инстанция] управления
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PCA, program change analysis

анализ [оценка] изменения программы
————————
PCA, program checkout facility

аппаратура для проверки программы

English-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > PCA
5 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
6 security

сущ.

1)

а) общ. безопасность

collective security — коллективная безопасность

food security — продовольственная безопасность

national security — национальная безопасность

to ensure [to provide\] security — обеспечивать безопасность

to undermine security — подрывать безопасность

See:

economic security, food security, personal security, national security, national security override, security consultant, security exceptions, security zone, Container Security Initiative, Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Homeland Security, Mutual Security Agency, Security Council

б) общ. защита, охрана (от чего-л.); гарантия, гарантированность

job security — гарантия занятости, гарантированность сохранения рабочего места

в) пол. органы [служба\] безопасности

See:

security director, security manager, security officer

2) фин. обеспечение, залог (имущество, используемое в качестве гарантии при кредитовании)

against security — под обеспечение, под гарантию

The loan is given against security of the fixed deposit. — Заем предоставлен под обеспечение срочным депозитом.

A company borrows money against security. — Компания занимает деньги под обеспечение.

Syn:

collateral

See:

secured debt, secured creditor, unsecured, collateral security

3) ценная бумага

а) фин., обычно мн. ценная бумага (документ, который закрепляет право владения или отношения займа, может передаваться из рук в руки и является инструментом привлечения финансирования; в американском законодательстве трактуется как сделка по предоставлению денежных средств в пользование другого лица с целью извлечения прибыли, удостоверяющий такую сделку документ, а также право на его приобретение или продажу, которые характеризуются следующими обстоятельствами: а) мотивацией продавца, заключающейся в привлечении капитала, необходимого для общего использования в коммерческом предприятии продавца или для финансирования существенных инвестиций, б) мотивацией покупателя, заключающейся в получении прибыли от предоставления средств, в) выступлением инструмента в роли предмета обычной торговли, г) разумными ожиданиями покупателя о применении к инструменту федеральных законов о ценных бумагах, д) отсутствием сокращающего риск фактора, напр., выражающегося в применении к инструменту другой схемы регулирования)

ATTRIBUTES [creator\]: Treasury, municipal, muni, state, local, foreign, home, home country, domestic, agency 1), federal agency 1), state agency, authority 2), private, private sector, public, public sector, public utility 2), external, internal, international, industrial, tax district, railroad, school, school district, refunding, advance refunding, equipment trust, new money 2)

ATTRIBUTES [purpose\]: tax anticipation 2), revenue anticipation, grant anticipation, bond anticipation, private activity, reorganization 2), savings, capital 2), income, guaranteed income, growth 1), war, defence, debt conversion, construction 1), infrastructure, infrastructure renewal, housing 1), manufactured housing 1), equipment trust, equipment, consolidated, mezzanine 2)

pollution control security — ценные бумаги для реализации экологических проектов

pollution control municipal securities — муниципальные ценные бумаги для реализации экологических проектов

The Company also issued $39 million of variable and fixed rate Pollution Control Securities in 1994.

pensioners securities — ценные бумаги для пенсионеров

ATTRIBUTES [owner\]: registered, bearer, negotiable, transferable, non-transferable, outstanding 4)

ATTRIBUTES [time\]: term, perpetual 3), dated

Liquidations from such a pool would require the manager to liquidate longer securities which are much more volatile.

Only the insurance companies and funds have preference for the longer-dated securities.

The Portfolio Manager is now investing some of the District’s portfolio in longer-term securities.

The government could persuade lenders to take up only about 60% of US$1.2 billion in six-month securities on offer.

Two- and 3-year securities have a minimum of $3 billion.

ATTRIBUTES [rights\]: alternate 2) б), antidilutive, assented, asset-backed, auction rate, backed, callable, closed-end mortgage, collateralized, collateral trust, combination 3) в), companion, consolidated mortgage, convertible 2) а), debenture 2) а), definitive, double-barreled 3) а), endorsed, exchange, exchangeable, extendible, federal home loan bank, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, first mortgage, general obligation, guaranteed 2) а), general mortgage home loan, insured, interchangeable, irredeemable 2) а), junior 2) б), junior lien, moral obligation, mortgage 3. 3) а), mortgage-backed, non-assented, noncallable, non-participating, open-end mortgage, parity, participating 2) а), preferred 2) а), prior lien, profit-sharing, property 2) а), putable, real estate, redeemable 3) а), revenue 3. 1) а), second lien, second mortgage, secured, senior 2) б), senior lien, serial, series 2) б), subordinated, tax increment, tranche, unassented, unsecured, z-tranche

special tax security — ценная бумага под определенный налог

special assessment security — ценная бумага под определенный налог

special purpose security — ценная бумага под определенный проект

This is a series of Frequently Asked Questions about other Special Purpose Securities handled by the Special Investments Branch.

ATTRIBUTES [currency\]: dual currency, reverse-dual currency

The Bank accepts as collateral Canadian dollar securities issued or guaranteed by the Government of Canada.

But if you have an expectation of a weakening dollar, does it still make sense to invest in US dollar-denominated securities?

ATTRIBUTES [income\]: adjustable rate, annuity, auction rate, bank-qualified, capital growth, capped, coupon-bearing, collar, collared, coupon 1), credit-sensitive, deep discount, defaulted, deferred-coupon, deferred interest, discount 1. 1), double-exempt, fixed annuity, fixed-coupon, fixed-rate, fixed-income, flat, flat income, floating rate, floored, full coupon, interest-bearing, non-interest-bearing, non-qualified, non-bank-qualified, life annuity, mismatch, original issue discount, premium 1. 1), qualified 1. 2) б), qualifying 1. 2) б), reset, split coupon, step-down, step-up, stripped, taxable, tax-credit, tax-exempt 1. 1), tax-free, tax-exempt, tax-preferred, variable-coupon, variable annuity, variable rate, zero-coupon

The prepayment rate for mortgages backing Ginnie Mae's 13 percent securities was 47.3 percent.

[high, higher, medium, low, lower\] coupon security — с [высоким, более высоким, средним, низким, более низким\] купоном [доходом\]

The State governments and their utilities had proposed issuing of low coupon securities for refinancing the SLR securities.

high [higher, medium, low, lower\] income security — с высоким [более высоким, средним, низким, более низким\] доходом

You'd be prudent to select issues with short maturities that can later be replaced with higher-income securities as interest rates rise.

high [higher, medium, low, lower\] yield security — с высокой [более высокой, средней, низкой, более низкой\] доходностью

The higher yield securities with higher risk can form the portion that you are willing to gamble.

What happens is that the company that is insured anticipates in advance and knows that low-coverage/high-premium securities will fetch lower prices.

ATTRIBUTES [creation\]: original issue discount, OID, fully paid, partly paid, private placement 2., publicly offered, when-issued

ATTRIBUTES [destruction\]: bullet, bullet-maturity, drawn, single-payment, sinking fund 1), planned amortization class, targeted amortization class, variable redemption

ATTRIBUTES [status\]: listed 2), unlisted, non-listed, delisted, quoted, unquoted, rated 3), non-rated, speculative grade, investment grade, gilt-edged

ATTRIBUTES [size\]: baby, penny

ATTRIBUTES [structured\]: structured, well-structured, non-structured, range, range accrual, capital protected, principal protected, capital guaranteed, reverse floating rate, inverse floating rate, participation, equity index participation, equity participation, market participation, equity linked, equity index-linked, index-linked, market-indexed, equity-linked, credit-linked, reverse convertible, indexed, non-indexed, dual-indexed, capital-indexed, coupon-indexed, interest-indexed, current-pay, gold-indexed, catastrophe, cat, catastrophe-linked, catastrophe risk-linked, cat-linked, catastrophe insurance, cat-linked, catastrophe insurance, disaster, act of God, earthquake, earthquake-risk, hurricane

Argentina will not be required to make an adjustment to the amounts previously paid to holders of the GDP-linked Securities for changes that may affect the economy.

Proposals to create GDP-indexed securities are naturally supported by the arguments in this paper

ATTRIBUTES [form\]: book-entry, certificated

security market — фондовый рынок, рынок ценных бумаг

ACTIONS [passive\]:

to issue a security — выпускать [эмитировать\] ценную бумагу

to place [underwrite\] a security — размещать ценную бумагу

to hedge a security — хеджировать ценную бумагу

to earn $n on a security — получать доход в n долл. от ценной бумаги

to register a security in name of X — регистрировать ценную бумагу на имя X

to offer a security — предлагать (к продаже) (новые) ценные бумаги (инвесторам)

to call a security (for redemption) — предлагать (требовать) досрочный выкуп ценной бумаги

to convert a security into — конвертировать ценную бумагу в

to transfer a security — передавать (продавать) ценную бумагу (другому лицу)

to back a security — создавать обеспечение для ценной бумаги

to guaranty a security — гарантировать ценную бумагу

to rate a security — оценивать надежность ценной бумаги

to pay interest on a security — выплачивать проценты по ценной бумаге

to list a security, to admit a security to a listing, to accept security for trading in a exchange — допускать ценную бумагу к торгам (на бирже), включать в листинг

ACTIONS [active\]:

a security carries risk — ценная бумага подвержена риску

a security floats — ценная бумага обращается

a security closes at $n up[down\] m% — курс закрытия ценной бумаги составил $n, что на m% выше [ниже\] вчерашнего

COMBS:

security price — цена [курс\] ценной бумаги

issuer of an security — эмитент ценной бумаги

See:

debt security, equity security, hybrid security, antidilutive securities, asset-backed securities, auction rate securities, baby securities, book-entry securities, certificated security, control securities, convertible securities, coupon security, dated security, deep discount security, discount securities, drop-lock security, equity-linked securities, fixed income security, foreign interest payment security, gross-paying securities, inflation-indexed security, interest-bearing securities, irredeemable securities, junior securities, letter security, listed securities, marketable securities, negotiable security, net-paying securities, non-convertible securities, participating securities, pay-in-kind securities, perpetual security, primary security, secondary security, unlisted securities, zero-coupon security, securities analyst, security analyst, securities broker, securities dealer, security dealer, securities market, security market, securities trader, International Securities Identification Number, financial market, principal, interest, issuer, Uniform Sale of Securities Act, Securities Act of 1933, Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Culp v. Mulvane, Investment Company Act, Investment Advisers Act, SEC v. CM Joiner Leasing Corp., SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., SEC v. Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America, SEC v. United Benefit Life Insurance Company, Tcherepnin v. Knight, SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc.

б) фин., обычно мн. (право владения или отношения займа, закрепленные в документе, который может передаваться из рук в руки и является инструментом привлечения финансирования)

в) юр., амер. (трактуется как сделка по предоставлению денежных средств в пользование другого лица с целью извлечения прибыли, удостоверяющий такую сделку документ, а также право на его приобретение или продажу, которые характеризуются следующими обстоятельствами: а) мотивацией продавца, заключающейся в привлечении капитала, необходимого для общего использования в коммерческом предприятии продавца или для финансирования существенных инвестиций, б) мотивацией покупателя, заключающейся в получении прибыли от предоставления средств, в) выступлением инструмента в роли предмета обычной торговли, г) разумными ожиданиями покупателя о применении к инструменту федеральных законов о ценных бумагах, д) отсутствием сокращающего риск фактора, напр., выражающегося в применении к инструменту другой схемы регулирования)

See:

Securities Act of 1933, Investment Company Act, Investment Advisers Act, SEC v. CM Joiner Leasing Corp., SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., SEC v. Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America, SEC v. United Benefit Life Insurance Company, Tcherepnin v. Knight, SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc.

* * *
безопасность, сохранность, ценная бумага, обеспечение, гарантия: 1) ценная бумага; свидетельство долга или собственности; сертификаты ценных бумаг, векселя; см. securities; 2) обеспечение: активы и др. собственность, которые могут быть использованы как обеспечение кредита или облигаций; в случае отказа заемщика от погашения кредита обеспечение может быть реализовано; = collateral security; 3) безопасность: процедуры, обеспечивающие безопасность банка, его активов и документации, включая физическую защиту, процедуры внутреннего аудита; 4) гарантия: гарантия выполнения обязательств другого лица, в т. ч. личная гарантия; = personal security.
* * *

Ценная бумага - документ/сертификат, являющийся свидетельством собственности на акции, облигации и другие инвестиционные инструменты
. Безопасность - меры, предпринимаемые для обеспечения конфиденциальности передаваемой по линиям связи персональной информации о клиенте, совершаемых им операциях и т.п. . гарантия по ссуде; обеспечение кредита; обеспечение ссуды; обеспечение; ценная бумага; отдел охраны (банка, компании) Инвестиционная деятельность .
* * *

Инвестиционная деятельность

ценная бумага

финансовые активы, включающие акции, правительственные облигации и ценные бумаги с государственной гарантией, облигации компании, сертификаты паевых фондов и документы, подтверждающие право собственности на предоставленные в ссуду или депонированные денежные средства; страховые полисы к таким активам не относятся

Англо-русский экономический словарь > security
7 aerodrome

abandoned aerodrome
недействующий аэродром
aerodrome accumulator plant
аэродромная аккумуляторная зарядная станция
aerodrome adverse weather
сложные метеоусловия в районе аэродрома
aerodrome air picture
воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome alerting procedure
порядок действий по тревоге на аэродроме
aerodrome alerting service
аэродромная служба аварийного оповещения
aerodrome alert measures
действия по аэродрому при объявлении тревоги
aerodrome alert room
помещение на аэродроме для размещения дежурных экипажей
aerodrome alert status
состояние готовности аэродрома по тревоге, состояние готовности служб аэродрома по тревоге
aerodrome alert system
система объявления тревоги на аэродроме
aerodrome altitude
высота аэродрома
aerodrome approach
подход к зоне аэродрома
aerodrome approach aids
аэродромные средства захода на посадку
aerodrome approach area
зона подхода к аэродрому
aerodrome approach chart
карта подходов к аэродрому
aerodrome approach control system
система управления подходом к аэродрому
aerodrome approach lights
аэродромные огни приближения
aerodrome approach road
подъездная дорога к аэродрому
aerodrome authority
администрация аэродрома
aerodrome beacon
аэродромный маяк
aerodrome boundary
граница аэродрома
aerodrome calm
отсутствие ветра в районе
aerodrome category
категория аэродрома
aerodrome chart
схема аэродрома
aerodrome check point
контрольная точка аэродрома
aerodrome checkpoint
контрольная площадка на аэродроме
aerodrome check-point sign
указатель контрольного ориентира аэродрома
aerodrome circle
круг полета над аэродромом
aerodrome circling
полет по кругу над аэродромом
aerodrome circuit
круг полета над аэродромом
aerodrome circuit-circling
полет по кругу над аэродромом
aerodrome climatographical table
аэродромная метеорологическая таблица
aerodrome climatological summary
аэродромная метеосводка
aerodrome complex
аэродромный комплекс
aerodrome conditions
аэродромная обстановка
aerodrome control
управление в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome control communication
аэродромная командная связь
aerodrome controlled zone
зона, контролируемая авиадиспетчерской службой аэродрома
aerodrome controller
диспетчер аэродрома
aerodrome control point
аэродромный диспетчерский пункт
aerodrome control radar
диспетчерский аэродромный радиолокатор
aerodrome control radio
аэродромная радиостанция командной связи
aerodrome control sector
зона контроля аэродрома диспетчерской службой
aerodrome control service
служба управления движением в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome control tower
аэродромный диспетчерский пункт
aerodrome control tower clearance
разрешение аэродромного диспетчерского пункта
aerodrome control unit
аэродромный диспетчерский пункт
aerodrome culture
искусственные сооружения в районе аэродрома
aerodrome directory
справочник по аэродромам
aerodrome drainage
дренаж аэродрома
aerodrome drainage system
дренажная система аэродрома
aerodrome elevation
превышение аэродрома
aerodrome emergency
аварийная обстановка на аэродроме
aerodrome emergency exercise
отработка действий на случай аварийной обстановки в аэропорту
aerodrome emergency planning
разработка мероприятий на случай аварийной обстановки на аэродроме
aerodrome emergency service
аэродромная аварийная служба
aerodrome engineering
проектирование и строительство аэродромов
aerodrome engineering instructor
советник по проектированию и строительству аэродромов
aerodrome environment
условия в районе аэродрома
aerodrome environs
приаэродромная территория
aerodrome fencing
ограждение аэродрома
aerodrome flight information service
аэродромная служба полетной информации
aerodrome forecast
прогноз по аэродрому
aerodrome forecast material
метеоданные по аэродрому
aerodrome graded area
спланированный участок аэродрома
aerodrome ground profile
профиль местности в районе аэродрома
aerodrome ground signal
наземный аэродромный сигнал
aerodrome ground visibility
видимость у земли в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome handing capacity
пропускная способность аэродрома
aerodrome hazard beacon
аэродромный заградительный маяк
aerodrome identification
опознавание аэродрома
aerodrome identification sign
опознавательный знак аэродрома
aerodrome in question
указанный аэродром
aerodrome ladndmark
наземный аэродромный ориентир
aerodrome lavatory track
аэродромный ассенизатор
aerodrome lavatory truck
аэродромный ассенизатор
aerodrome layout
схема аэродрома
aerodrome level
высота аэродрома
aerodrome lighting
аэродромное светосигнальное оборудование
aerodrome locating beacon
аэродромный приводной маяк
aerodrome marking system
система маркировки аэродрома
aerodrome marshaller
аэродромный сигнальщик
aerodrome master plan
генеральный план аэродрома
aerodrome meteorological minima
метеорологический минимум аэродрома
aerodrome minima
минимум аэродрома
aerodrome movement area
зона движения воздушных судов
aerodrome network
аэродромная сеть
aerodrome observation
наблюдение за аэродромом
aerodrome obstruction chart
карта аэродромных препятствий
aerodrome of call
аэродром выхода на радиосвязь
aerodrome of departure
аэродром вылета
aerodrome of intended landing
аэродром предполагаемой посадки
aerodrome of origin
аэродром приписки
aerodrome operating minima
эксплуатационный минимум аэродрома
aerodrome operation
эксплуатация аэродрома
aerodrome pavement
аэродромное покрытие
aerodrome pressure
давление на аэродроме
aerodrome reference code
кодовое обозначение аэродрома
aerodrome reference point
контрольный ориентир аэродрома
aerodrome reference temperature
расчетная температура воздуха
aerodrome report
сводка по аэродрому
aerodrome rules
руководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродрома
Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section
Секция аэродромов, воздушных трасс и наземных средств
(ИКАО) aerodrome security lighting
светосигнальное оборудование аэродрома для обеспечения безопасности
aerodrome service
аэродромное обслуживание
(диспетчерское) aerodrome service road
служебная дорога на аэродроме
aerodrome site
район размещения аэродрома
aerodrome snow windrow
снежные заносы на аэродроме
aerodrome strip
летная полоса аэродрома
aerodrome strip marker
указатель летной полосы аэродрома
aerodrome surveillance radar
обзорный аэродромный радиолокатор
aerodrome taxi circuit
схема руления по аэродрому
aerodrome traffic
движение в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome traffic circuit
аэродромный круг полетов
aerodrome traffic circuit operation
полет по кругу в районе аэродрома
aerodrome traffic control zone
зона аэродромного управления воздушным движением
aerodrome traffic pattern
схема движения в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome traffic zone
зона движения в районе аэродрома
aerodrome usability
степень загрузки аэродрома
aerodrome usability factor
коэффициент использования аэродрома
aerodrome utilization factor
коэффициент использования аэродрома
aerodrome utilization rate
степень использования аэродрома
aerodrome vehicle operation
эксплуатация аэродромных транспортных средств
aerodrome visual aids
аэродромные визуальные средства
aerodrome warning
предупреждение по аэродрому
aerodrome wind distribution
роза ветров аэродрома
aerodrome wind rose
роза ветров аэродрома
aerodrome wind shift
изменение направления ветра в районе аэродрома
aerodrome wind sock
аэродромный ветроуказатель
all-weather aerodrome
всепогодный аэродром
alternate aerodrome
запасный аэродром
arrival aerodrome
аэродром прилета
arrive over the aerodrome
прибывать в зону аэродрома
auxiliary aerodrome
дополнительный аэродром
base aerodrome
аэродром постоянного базирования
carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
categorized aerodrome
категорированный аэродром
circle the aerodrome
летать по кругу над аэродромом
civil aerodrome
гражданский аэродром
coastal aerodrome
береговой аэродром
concrete-surfaced aerodrome
аэродром с бетонным покрытием
controlled aerodrome
аэродром с командно-диспетчерской службой
debarkation aerodrome
аэродром выгрузки
depot aerodrome
базовый аэродром
destination aerodrome
аэродром назначения
domestic aerodrome
аэродром местных воздушных линий
embarkation aerodrome
аэродром погрузки
emergency aerodrome
аэродром вынужденной посадки
en-route aerodrome
аэродром на трассе полета
entry into the aerodrome zone
вход в зону аэродрома
factory aerodrome
заводской аэродром
familiar aerodrome
облетанный аэродром
final aerodrome
конечный аэродром
fog-plagued aerodrome
аэродром, имеющий частые туманы
get into the aerodrome
приземляться на аэродроме
given aerodrome
указанный аэродром
grass aerodrome
аэродром с травяным покрытием
hard surface aerodrome
аэродром с твердым покрытием
helicopter aerodrome
вертодром
high-level aerodrome
горный аэродром
home aerodrome
аэродром приписки
identify the aerodrome from the air
опознавать аэродром с воздуха
intermediate aerodrome
промежуточный аэродром
jet aerodrome
аэродром для реактивных воздушных судов
joint civil and military aerodrome
аэродром совместного базирования гражданского и военных воздушных судов
key aerodrome
узловой аэродром
land aerodrome
сухопутный аэродром
landing aerodrome
аэродром посадки
landing off the aerodrome
посадка вне аэродрома
layout of aerodrome markings
маркировка аэродрома
local aerodrome
аэродром местного значения
logistics aerodrome
аэродром материально-технического обеспечения
main aerodrome
главный аэродром
military aerodrome
военный аэродром
municipal commercial aerodrome
муниципальный аэродром для коммерческой авиации
nonradar aerodrome
аэродром без радиолокационных средств
operate from the aerodrome
выполнять полеты с аэродрома
operational aerodrome
оперативный аэродром
participating aerodrome
задействованный аэродром
permanent aerodrome
стационарный аэродром
principal aerodrome
основной аэродром
provisional aerodrome
временный аэродром
receiving aerodrome
аэродром прилета
refuelling aerodrome
аэродром, обеспечивающий заправку топливом
regular aerodrome
регулярный аэродром
reserve aerodrome
резервный аэродром
rigid pavement aerodrome
аэродром с жестким покрытием
satellite aerodrome
вспомогательный аэродром
supplementary aerodrome
дополнительный аэродром
takeoff aerodrome
аэродром вылета
temporary aerodrome
временный аэродром
terminal aerodrome
конечный аэродром
test aerodrome
испытательный аэродром
training aerodrome
учебный аэродром
uncontrolled aerodrome
аэродром без командно-диспетчерской службы
unfamiliar aerodrome
необлетанный аэродром
unmarked aerodrome obstructions
немаркируемые аэродромные препятствия
unpaved aerodrome
грунтовой аэродром
X-type aerodrome
аэродром с перекрещивающимися ВПП

English-Russian aviation dictionary > aerodrome
8 Philosophy

   1) There Are Ideas That Have Their Own True and Immutable Nature

   And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)

   2) Examine What Is within Our Reach

   Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)

   3) Modern Philosophy Starts with the Cartesian Catastrophe

   As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)

   4) The Rightful Claims of Philosophy

   It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the inﬂuence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic inﬂuences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)

   5) The Philosophy of Philosophy

   Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)

   6) Philosophy Is a Field Which Has Certain Central Questions

   I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)

   7) The Central Task of Philosophy

   What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.

   This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).

   The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....

   Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)

   8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science

   In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)

   9) The Enduring Value of Philosophy

   Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....

   Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)

    10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- Control

   In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
9 ultimate

adjective

(last or final.) último, final; definitivo

- ultimately

ultimate

tr['ʌltɪmət]

adjective

1 (final) final

■ the ultimate decision lies with the manager la decisión final corresponde al director

2 (basic) esencial, fundamental

noun the ultimate

1 (good) el no va más, el último grito; (bad) el colmo

■ the ultimate in comfort el no va más en comodidad

■ this is the ultimate in decadence esto es el colmo de la decadencia

ultimate ['ʌltəmət] adj

1) final: último, final

2) supreme: supremo, máximo

3) fundamental: fundamental, esencial

ultimate

adj.

• final adj.

• fundamental adj.

• sumo, -a adj.

• ultimo, -a adj.

• último, -a adj.

I 'ʌltəmət, 'ʌltɪmət
adjective

1)

a) (eventual, final) <aim/destination> final

who has ultimate responsibility? — ¿quién es el responsable en última instancia?

b) (fundamental, original) primordial, fundamental

the ultimate cause of the problem — la raíz del problema

2)

a) (utmost, supreme) < sacrifice> máximo, supremo

he's the ultimate authority on the subject — es la máxima autoridad en el tema

b) ( most sophisticated) (journ)

the ultimate sound system — lo último en sistemas de sonido, el no va más en sistemas de sonido (fam)

II

noun

the ultimate (in something) — lo último en algo, el no va más en algo (fam)

the ultimate in bad taste — el colmo del mal gusto

['ʌltɪmɪt]
1. ADJ

1) (=final) [aim, decision, destination] final

she will retain ultimate responsibility for budgets — ella será la responsable en última instancia de los presupuestos, ella tendrá la máxima responsabilidad sobre presupuestos

2) (=greatest) [power, sacrifice] máximo; [control] total; [insult] peor

the ultimate deterrent — (Mil) el mayor disuasivo

it will be the ultimate test of his abilities — supondrá la mayor prueba de su capacidad

3) (=best)

the ultimate sports car — lo último en coches deportivos

4) (=basic) [purpose, truth, cause, source] fundamental, principal

5) (=furthest) más remoto, extremo

2.

N

the ultimate in luxury — lo último en lujos

it's the ultimate in hairstyling — es el último grito en estilos de peinado

* * *

I ['ʌltəmət, 'ʌltɪmət]
adjective

1)

a) (eventual, final) <aim/destination> final

who has ultimate responsibility? — ¿quién es el responsable en última instancia?

b) (fundamental, original) primordial, fundamental

the ultimate cause of the problem — la raíz del problema

2)

a) (utmost, supreme) < sacrifice> máximo, supremo

he's the ultimate authority on the subject — es la máxima autoridad en el tema

b) ( most sophisticated) (journ)

the ultimate sound system — lo último en sistemas de sonido, el no va más en sistemas de sonido (fam)

II

noun

the ultimate (in something) — lo último en algo, el no va más en algo (fam)

the ultimate in bad taste — el colmo del mal gusto

English-spanish dictionary > ultimate
10 central

ˈsentrəl
1. прил.
1) главный, руководящий, центральный central authority ≈ центральные власти Central Intelligence Agency, CIA ≈ амер. Центральное Разведывательное Управление, ЦРУ (центр гражданской и военной разведки США) central control room ≈ центральная аппаратная Syn: chief
2.
2) главный, основной, существенный, важный central failure ≈ основной недостаток the central character of the novel ≈ главный герой романа, Syn: essential
1., principal
2.
3) находящийся, расположенный в центре или близко от центра;
срединный Central Asia ≈ Средняя Азия
4) центральный (о едином устройстве, заменяющем разрозненные установки) central heating ≈ центральное отопление
5) умеренный, сдержанный (занимающий положение между крайностями) Syn: moderate
2.
6) мед. связанный с центральной нервной системой
2. сущ..
1) центральное ведомство, центральное бюро weather central ≈ центральное бюро погоды
2) а) телефонная станция б) (Central) телефонистка (обращение к телефонистка при вызове или заказе разговора) (американизм) телефонная станция( американизм) телефонистка расположенный в центре или около центра, центральный;
- * cross крестовина;
- * line осевая линия, ось;
центральная линия;
- * parking стоянка автомобилей посреди улицы;
- * refuges "островки безопасности" на местах выхода улиц на площади;
- a * location for the new theatre участок для нового театра в центре города;
- our house is very * наш дом расположен в самом центре (города) ;
основной;
самый важный;
ведущий;
- * idea основная мысль;
- * figure центральная фигура;
руководитель, видный деятель;
герой, главное действующее лицо;
- * failure главный недостаток;
основная слабость;
неудача в самом главном;
- to be * to smth. быть главным в чем-л;
- this is * to his criticism это самое важное в его критике центральный;
главный;
- c. committee центральный комитет;
- * government центральное правительство;
- * catalogue сводный каталог;
- * station центральная электростанция;
- * storage( специальное) централизованное хранение;
центральный склад;
- C. Intelligence Agency Центральное разведывательное управление, ЦРУ ( США) (медицина) связанный с центральной нервной системой;
- * anaesthesia общий наркоз (фонетика) центральный (о гласном) central расположенный в центре или недалеко от центра ~ амер. центральная телефонная станция ~ центральный;
главный;
central idea основная идея ~ центральный Central Asia Средняя Азия Central Asia Центральная Азия ~ центральный;
главный;
central idea основная идея

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > central
11 financial

adjective

financier(ère)

financial accountant comptable m f financier(ère);

financial accounting comptabilité f financière;

financial administration gestion f financière;

financial adviser conseiller(ère) m, f financier(ère);

financial aid aide f financière;

financial analyst analyste m f financier(ère);

financial appraisal évaluation f financière;

financial arrangement montage m financier;

financial assistance appui m financier;

financial authorities autorités f pl financières;

financial backer bailleur(eresse) m, f de fonds;

financial backing financement m, aide f financière;

financial centre place f financière;

financial chart graphique m financier;

financial circles milieux m pl financiers;

financial community communauté f financière;

financial compensation contrepartie f financière;

financial consultant conseiller(ère) financier(ère);

financial control contrôle m financier;

financial controller contrôleur(euse) m, f financier(ère);

ACCOUNTANCY financial costs frais m pl financiers;

financial crisis crise f financière;

ACCOUNTANCY financial deal opération f financière;

financial difficulties difficultés f pl financières, difficultés de trésorerie;

financial director directeur(trice) m, f financier(ère);

financial engineering ingénierie f financière;

financial expenses charges f pl financières;

STOCK EXCHANGE financial future instrument m financier à terme;

STOCK EXCHANGE financial futures market marché m d'instruments financiers à terme;

financial gearing effet m de levier financier;

financial group groupe m financier;

financial healthcheck diagnostic m financier;

financial imbalance déséquilibre m financier;

financial institution établissement m financier;

financial instrument instrument financier;

financial intermediary intermédiaire m f financier(ère);

financial journal revue f financière;

financial management direction f ou gestion f financière;

financial manager directeur(trice) financier(ère);

financial market marché financier;

financial means moyens m pl financiers;

financial news chronique f financière;

financial ombudsman arbitre m financier;

financial partner partenaire m f financier(ère);

financial period période f comptable;

financial plan plan m de financement;

financial planning planification f financière;

financial pool groupement m financier;

financial position position f ou situation f financière;

financial press presse f financière;

financial pressure problèmes m pl financiers;

financial product produit m financier;

ACCOUNTANCY financial ratio ratio m de gestion;

ACCOUNTANCY financial report rapport m financier;

ACCOUNTANCY financial reporting communication f de l'information financière;

British Financial Reporting Council = commission de contrôle de la qualité de l'information financière publiée par les entreprises;

financial resources ressources f pl financières;

financial review examen m financier;

financial services services m pl financiers;

Financial Services Authority = organisme gouvernemental britannique chargé de contrôler les activités du secteur financier;

financial situation situation financière;

financial statement état m financier, déclaration f de résultats;

financial strategy stratégie f financière;

financial support soutien m financier;

financial syndicate syndicat m financier;

Financial Times All-Share Index = indice boursier du Financial Times basé sur la valeur de 700 actions cotées à la Bourse de Londres;

Financial Times-(Industrial) Ordinary Share Index = indice boursier du Financial Times basé sur la valeur de 30 actions cotées à la Bourse de Londres;

Financial Times-Stock Exchange 100 Share Index = principal indice boursier du Financial Times basé sur la valeur de 100 actions cotées à la Bourse de Londres;

financial transaction opération financière;

British financial year exercice m (comptable)

English-French business dictionary > financial
12 central

['sentr(ə)l] 1. прил.
1) главный, руководящий, центральный

central authority — центральные власти

Central Intelligence Agency, CIA — амер. Центральное Разведывательное Управление, ЦРУ ( центр гражданской и военной разведки США)

central control room — центральная аппаратная

Syn:

chief 2.

2) главный, основной, существенный, важный

central failure — основной недостаток

the central character of the novel — главный герой романа

Syn:

essential 1., principal 2.

3) расположенный в центре, близко от центра; центральный

4) центральный (о едином устройстве, заменяющем разрозненные установки)

central heating — центральное отопление

5) умеренный, придерживающийся умеренных взглядов ( обычно в политике); центристский

Syn:

moderate 2., centrist 1.

6) мед. связанный с центральной нервной системой
2. сущ.
1) центральное ведомство, центральное бюро

weather central — центральное бюро погоды

2) амер. телефонная станция

3) амер.; уст. телефонист(ка) ( обращение при вызове или заказе разговора)

Англо-русский современный словарь > central
13 chief executive officer

1. директор-распорядитель фирмы

2. главный управляющий

chief operating officer — главный операционный директор

chief administrative officer — главное должностное лицо

fire-control officer — управляющий огнем

chief petty officer — главный старшина

principal officer — главный сотрудник

Синонимический ряд:

chief executive (noun) administrator; authority figure; CEO; chief executive; executive; executive secretary; president; supervising director; vice-president

English-Russian base dictionary > chief executive officer
14 master

1. n хозяин, владелец; господин

master of a shop — хозяин мастерской

master of a large fortune — обладатель большого состояния

the master of the house — глава семьи; хозяин дома

is the master in? — дома хозяин?

to play the master — хозяйничать, распоряжаться

he is his own master — он сам себе хозяин

I am not my own master — я не волен поступать, как хочу, я собой не распоряжаюсь

to be master of oneself — владеть собой, держать себя в руках

to be master of the situation — быть хозяином положения

we will see which of us is master — посмотрим, кто из нас хозяин положения

after hard fighting, the defenders were still masters of the city — после тяжёлых боёв город оставался в руках его защитников

master race — раса господ

hard master — суровый хозяин

to serve a master — служить хозяину

master of the house — хозяин, глава семьи

his master threw him out — хозяин выгнал его

2. n учитель

maths master — учитель математики

second master — помощник учителя

severe master — строгий учитель

singing master — учитель пения

visiting master — приходящий учитель

writing master — учитель чистописания

3. n глава колледжа

the master of the household — хозяин дома, глава семьи

4. n магистр

Master of Arts — магистр гуманитарных наук

master of science — магистр наук

Master of Arts — магистр искусств

degree of master — степень магистра

Grand Master — великий магистр, гроссмейстер

5. n мастер, знаток своего дела, специалист

master of satire — мастер сатиры

master of English — знаток английского языка

master of sports — мастер спорта

master class — аспирантура

he is master of this subject — он глубоко знает этот предмет, он специалист по этому предмету

to be the master of the other runners in a race — превосходить других бегунов в забеге

the painting is the work of a master — эта картина принадлежит кисти мастера

master of the film — мастер кино

master specialist — старший специалист

pack master — специалист по упаковке грузов

candidate master — кандидат в мастера спорта

the title of master of sports — звание мастера спорта

6. n квалифицированный рабочий; мастер

master printer — квалифицированный печатник

older master — старый мастер

boring master — буровой мастер

master of sport — мастер спорта

master hand — мастер, специалист

production master — рабочий фотооригинал

7. n великий, знаменитый художник, мастер

master gunner — старший инструктор по стрельбе; мастер стрельбы

8. n в названиях должностей

Master of the Horse — королевский шталмейстер

Master of the Jewel-house — хранитель королевских драгоценностей

Master of the Household — дворцовый эконом

master rod — главный вал

master cam shaft — эталонный кулачковый вал

9. n молодой барин, барчук; мастер, господин

complete master of fence — настоящий мастер фехтования, искусный фехтовальщик

10. n шотл. старший сын титулованного лица

master judge — старший судья

master signaller — старший связист

master index — главный индекс; старший индекс

chief master — старший распорядитель делопроизводства

11. n Христос

12. n капитан, шкипер

master of vessel — капитан

ship master — капитан судна

tug master — шкипер буксира

master space — каюта капитана

master mariner — капитан, шкипер

13. n ист. штурман

Master of the Fleet — флагманский штурман флота

14. n спец. модель; оригинал, образец

master acetat — лаковый оригинал фонограммы

master drawing — оригинал; эталонный чертеж

master sheet feed — подача листовых оригиналов

reproduction master — репродукционный оригинал

cut film master — отрезанный оригинал на плёнке

15. n первый оригинал

acetat master — лаковый оригинал фонограммы

diazo film master — оригинал на диазоплёнке

film master — оригинал микрофильма; оригинал на плёнке

master sheet feed rollers — ролики для подачи оригинала

silver master — оригинал на серебросодержащем материале

16. n руководство

17. a главный, старший

master bedroom — спальня хозяев, господская спальня

master aerodrome — основной аэродром

master node — главный узел

master domain — главный домен

master wheel — главный штурвал

master browser — главный броузер

master furrow — главная бороздка

18. a основной; сводный

master catalogue — сводный каталог

master menu — основная раскладка продуктов

master menu function — функция основного меню

master catalog file — основной каталог изделий

master repair schedule — основной план ремонта

master clock signal — основной тактовый импульс

19. a контрольный

master print — контрольная копия кинофильма

master half-gripper — контрольный захват

master soundtrack — контрольная фонограмма

master sound track — контрольная фонограмма

reference master gauge — контрольный эталонный калибр

20. v справляться, одолевать, подчинять себе

to master the enemy — наносить поражение противнику, одерживать победу над противником

21. v преодолевать

to master a difficulty — преодолеть трудность

22. v овладевать

to master a language — овладеть языком

to master a subject — глубоко изучить предмет

23. v руководить, управлять

to master the house — вести дом

24. v русск. как компонент сложных слов, соответствует компоненту -мачтовик

three-master — трёхмачтовик

Синонимический ряд:

1. dominant (adj.) ascendant; dominant; outweighing; overbalancing; overbearing; overweighing; paramount; predominant; predominate; preponderant; prevalent; regnant; sovereign

2. major (adj.) chief; excellent; leading; main; major; principal; supreme

3. proficient (adj.) accomplished; adept; crack; crackerjack; deft; expert; masterful; masterly; practiced; proficient; skilled; skillful

4. expert (noun) adept; artist; artiste; authority; champion; connoisseur; doyen; expert; genius; maestro; master-hand; maven; passed master; past master; pro; professional; proficient; sage; scholar; swell; virtuoso; whiz; wiz; wizard

5. leader (noun) boss; captain; chief; chieftain; cock; commander; director; dominator; head; headman; hierarch; honcho; leader; lord; overlord; ruler; superintendent; supervisor

6. lover (noun) boyfriend; fancy man; lover; man; paramour

7. original (noun) archetype; original; prototype

8. owner (noun) holder; owner; possessor; proprietor

9. supreme being (noun) Christ; god; messiah; supreme being

10. teacher (noun) educator; instructor; mentor; preceptor; teacher

11. victor (noun) conqueror; defeater; subduer; subjugator; vanquisher; victor; winner

12. conquer (verb) conquer; defeat; humble; overpower; rule; subdue; vanquish

13. domesticate (verb) domesticate; domesticize; domiciliate; gentle; tame

14. learn (verb) comprehend; control; dominate; gain mastery in; get; learn; pick up; study; understand

15. overcome (verb) best; down; hurdle; lick; overcome; prevail; surmount; throw; triumph; worst

Антонимический ряд:

inept; novice; resist; student; subject

English-Russian base dictionary > master
15 financial

financial [faɪ'nænʃəl]

adjective

financier;

∎ but does it make financial sense? mais est-ce que c'est avantageux ou intéressant du point de vue financier?

►► financial accountant comptable mf financier(ère);

financial accounting comptabilité f générale ou financière;

financial administration gestion f financière;

financial adviser conseiller(ère) m,f financier(ère);

financial aid aide f financière;

financial analyst analyste mf financier(ère);

financial appraisal évaluation f financière;

financial assistance appui m financier, aide f financière;

financial backer bailleur(eresse) m,f de fonds;

financial backing financement m, aide f financière;

financial centre place f financière;

financial consultant conseiller(ère) m,f financier(ère), conseil m financier;

financial control contrôle m financier;

financial controller contrôleur(euse) m,f financier(ère);

Accountancy financial costs frais mpl financiers;

financial deal opération f financière;

financial director directeur(trice) m,f financier(ère);

financial engineering ingénierie f financière;

financial expenses charges fpl financières;

Stock Exchange financial future instrument m financier à terme;

Stock Exchange financial futures exchange bourse f d'instruments financiers à terme;

financial gearing effet m de levier financier;

financial healthcheck diagnostic m financier;

financial institution établissement m financier;

financial instrument instrument m financier;

financial intermediary intermédiaire mf financier(ère);

financial management direction f ou gestion f financière;

financial manager directeur(trice) m,f financier(ère);

financial market marché m financier;

Radio & Television financial news chronique f financière;

financial ombudsman arbitre m financier;

financial pages pages fpl financières;

financial partner partenaire mf financier(ère);

financial period période f comptable;

financial plan plan m de financement;

financial planning planification f financière;

financial position position f ou situation f financière;

financial pressure problèmes mpl financiers;

financial product produit m financier;

financial ratio ratio m de gestion;

financial report rapport m financier;

financial reporting communication f de l'information financière;

British Financial Reporting Council = commission de contrôle de la qualité de l'information financière publiée par les entreprises;

financial resources ressources fpl;

financial services services mpl financiers;

Financial Services Authority = organisme gouvernemental britannique chargé de contrôler les activités du secteur financier;

financial situation situation f financière;

financial statement état m financier, déclaration f de résultats;

financial syndicate syndicat m financier;

Press The Financial Times = quotidien britannique d'information financière;

Finance Financial Times All-Share Index = indice boursier du Financial Times basé sur la valeur de 700 actions cotées à la Bourse de Londres;

Finance Financial Times-(Industrial) Ordinary Share Index = indice boursier du Financial Times basé sur la valeur de 30 actions cotées à la Bourse de Londres;

Finance Financial Times-Stock Exchange 100 Share Index = principal indice boursier du Financial Times basé sur la valeur de 100 actions cotées à la Bourse de Londres;

financial transaction opération f financière;

British the financial year (in business) l'exercice m financier; (in politics) l'année f budgétaire

ⓘ FINANCIAL TIMES Le Financial Times est un quotidien britannique de qualité, spécialisé dans l'actualité financière et économique; il est reconnaissable à la couleur rose de son papier. Il existe une édition internationale, diffusée notamment en Allemagne et en France.

ⓘ FINANCIAL YEAR Pour les impôts sur le revenu en Grande-Bretagne, l'année fiscale commence le 5 avril.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > financial
16 hand

hand [hænd]

main ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (g) aiguille ⇒ 1 (h) écriture ⇒ 1 (i) paume ⇒ 1 (j) ouvrier ⇒ 1 (k) passer ⇒ 2 donner ⇒ 2

1 noun

(a) Anatomy (of person) main f;

∎ to hold sb's hand tenir la main de qn;

∎ I held her hand je lui ai tenu la main;

∎ figurative she's asked me to go along and hold her hand elle m'a demandé de l'accompagner pour lui donner du courage;

∎ to hold hands se tenir par la main;

∎ to take sb's hand, to take sb by the hand prendre qn par la main, prendre la main de qn;

∎ to lead sb by the hand conduire qn par la main;

∎ he writes with his left hand il écrit de la main gauche;

∎ to put one's hands over one's eyes se couvrir les yeux de ses mains;

∎ to be on one's hands and knees être à quatre pattes;

∎ figurative to go down on one's hands and knees se mettre à genoux ou à plat ventre;

∎ to be good with one's hands être adroit de ses mains;

∎ my hands are full j'ai les mains occupées ou prises;

∎ figurative to have one's hands full avoir beaucoup à faire, avoir du pain sur la planche;

∎ I've got my hands full trying to cope as it is j'ai déjà assez à faire comme ça;

∎ to lay one's hands on sth (find) mettre la main sur qch;

∎ to get or to lay one's hands on sth (obtain) dénicher qch;

∎ to lay hands on sb faire violence à qn;

∎ figurative just wait till I get or lay my hands on her! attends un peu que je l'attrape!;

∎ to lift or to raise a hand to sb lever la main sur qn;

∎ figurative he never lifts a hand to help il ne lève jamais le petit doigt pour aider;

∎ hands off! bas les pattes!, pas touche!;

∎ hands off the unions/education system! pas touche aux syndicats/au système éducatif!;

∎ he can't keep his hands to himself il a la main baladeuse;

∎ I only have one pair of hands! je n'ai que deux mains!;

∎ look - no hands! (cyclist) sans les mains!;

∎ take your hands off me! ne me touche pas!;

∎ (put your) hands up! les mains en l'air!, haut les mains!;

∎ School hands up anyone who knows the answer que ceux qui connaissent la réponse lèvent le doigt ou la main;

∎ hands up all those who agree que ceux qui sont d'accord lèvent la main;

∎ to tie sb's hands attacher les mains de qn;

∎ they tied my hands behind my back ils m'ont lié ou attaché les mains dans le dos;

∎ I could do it with one hand tied behind my back je pourrais le faire sans aucun effort ou les doigts dans le nez;

∎ figurative my hands are tied j'ai les mains liées;

∎ figurative to sit on one's hands (applaud half-heartedly) applaudir sans enthousiasme; (do nothing) ne rien faire;

∎ to ask for sb's hand in marriage demander la main de qn, demander qn en mariage;

∎ at hand, near or close at hand (about to happen) proche; (nearby) à proximité;

∎ the hour is at hand l'heure est proche;

∎ to suffer at the hands of sb souffrir aux mains ou dans les mains de qn;

∎ to pass sth from hand to hand faire passer qch de mains en mains;

∎ hand in hand la main dans la main;

∎ figurative to go hand in hand (with sth) aller de pair (avec qch);

∎ to be hand in glove with sb travailler en étroite collaboration avec qn;

∎ to make money hand over fist gagner un argent fou;

∎ British familiar she doesn't do a hand's turn elle n'en fiche pas une;

∎ to live from hand to mouth tirer le diable par la queue;

∎ figurative to win hands down gagner haut la main;

∎ to beat sb hands down battre qn à plates couture(s);

∎ proverb many hands make light work = à beaucoup d'ouvriers la tâche devient aisée;

∎ on the one hand... but on the other hand... (used in the same sentence) d'un côté... mais de l'autre...;

∎ on the other hand (when beginning new sentence) d'un autre côté

(b) (assistance)

∎ to give sb a hand (with sth) donner un coup de main à qn;

∎ to lend a hand mettre la main à la pâte;

∎ do you need a hand (with that)? as-tu besoin d'un coup de main?

(c) (control, management)

∎ to need a firm hand avoir besoin d'être sérieusement pris en main;

∎ to rule with a firm hand diriger avec de la poigne;

∎ to take sb/sth in hand prendre qn/qch en main;

∎ to be out of hand (dog, child) ne rien écouter;

∎ to get out of hand (dog, child) devenir indocile; (meeting, situation) échapper à tout contrôle;

∎ the garden is getting out of hand le jardin à l'air d'une vraie jungle;

∎ to change hands (company, restaurant etc) changer de propriétaire;

∎ it's out of my hands cela ne m'appartient plus, ce n'est plus ma responsabilité ou de mon ressort;

∎ the matter is in the hands of the headmaster la question relève maintenant ou est maintenant du ressort du principal;

∎ I have put the matter in the hands of a lawyer j'ai confié l'affaire à un avocat;

∎ the answer lies in your own hands la solution est entre tes mains;

∎ to have too much time on one's hands avoir trop de temps à soi;

∎ to have sb/sth on one's hands avoir qn/qch sur les bras;

∎ now that that's off my hands à présent que je suis débarrassé de cela;

∎ it's out of my hands je ne peux (plus) rien y faire;

∎ to fall into the hands of the enemy tomber entre les mains de l'ennemi;

∎ to fall into the wrong hands (information, secret etc) tomber en de mauvaises mains;

∎ in the wrong hands this knowledge could be very dangerous si elles tombaient aux mains de personnes malintentionnées, ces connaissances pourraient être très dangereuses;

∎ in the right hands en de bonnes mains;

∎ to be in good or safe hands être en de bonnes mains;

∎ can I leave this in your hands? puis-je te demander de t'en occuper?;

∎ it leaves too much power in the hands of the police cela laisse trop de pouvoir à la police;

∎ to give sb a free hand donner carte blanche à qn;

∎ to take matters into one's own hands prendre les choses en main

(d) (applause)

∎ to give sb a (big) hand applaudir qn (bien fort)

(e) (influence, involvement)

∎ to have a hand in sth avoir quelque chose à voir dans qch, être impliqué dans qch;

∎ I had no hand in it je n'avais rien à voir là-dedans, je n'y étais pour rien;

∎ I see or detect your hand in this j'y vois ta marque

(f) (skill, ability)

∎ to have a light hand with pastry réussir une pâte légère;

∎ she can turn her hand to anything elle peut tout faire;

∎ to keep one's hand in garder la main;

∎ I was never much of a hand at it je n'ai jamais été très doué pour cela;

∎ to try one's hand at sth s'essayer à qch

(g) (in cards → cards held) main f, jeu m; (→ round, game) partie f; (→ player) joueur(euse) m,f;

∎ to have a good hand avoir du jeu;

∎ first/fourth hand (player) premie(ère) m,f/dernier(ère) m,f en cartes;

∎ figurative to show or to reveal one's hand dévoiler son jeu;

∎ figurative to throw in one's hand jeter l'éponge

(h) (of clock, watch) aiguille f; (of signpost, barometer) indicateur m;

∎ the little hand is pointing to three la petite aiguille est sur le trois

(i) (handwriting) écriture f;

∎ to have a good hand avoir une belle écriture

(j) (measurement of horse) paume f;

∎ a horse fifteen hands high un cheval de quinze paumes

(k) (worker) ouvrier(ère) m,f; (on ship) homme m, membre m de l'équipage;

∎ the ship was lost with all hands le navire a sombré corps et biens;

∎ old hand expert m, vieux m de la vieille;

∎ to be an old hand at sth avoir une vaste expérience de qch;

∎ also figurative all hands to the pump tout le monde à la rescousse

(l) (of bananas) régime m;

∎ hand of pork jambonneau m

2 transitive verb

passer, donner;

∎ to hand sth to sb, to hand sb sth passer ou donner qch à qn;

∎ to hand sb a letter/telegram remettre une lettre/un télégramme à qn;

∎ figurative to hand sth to sb on a plate apporter à qn qch sur un plateau;

∎ you've got to hand it to him chapeau!;

∎ figurative you have to hand it to her, she IS a good mother c'est une bonne mère, il faut lui accorder cela

3 by hand adverb

(written) à la main; (made, knitted, sewn) (à la) main;

∎ to wash sth by hand laver qch à la main;

∎ to send sth by hand faire porter qch;

∎ by hand (written on envelope) en ville;

∎ to rear an animal by hand élever un animal au biberon

4 in hand adverb

(a) (available → money) disponible; (→ time) devant soi;

∎ British do we have any time in hand? avons-nous du temps devant nous?

(b) (being dealt with) en cours;

∎ the matter is in hand on s'occupe de l'affaire;

∎ I have the situation well in hand j'ai la situation bien en main;

∎ to return to the matter in hand revenir à ses moutons;

∎ keep your mind on the job in hand concentre-toi sur l'affaire en cours

5 on hand adjective

(person) disponible

6 out of hand adverb

(immediately) sur-le-champ

7 to hand adverb

(letter, information etc) sous la main;

∎ use what comes to hand prends ce que tu as sous la main;

∎ he took the first one that came to hand il a pris le premier qui lui est tombé sous la main;

∎ the first excuse to hand le premier prétexte venu

►► hand baggage (UNCOUNT) bagages mpl à main;

hand controls commandes fpl manuelles;

hand cream crème f pour les mains;

Military hand grenade grenade f à main;

hand lotion lotion f pour les mains;

hand luggage (UNCOUNT) bagages mpl à main;

hand microphone micro m portatif;

Theatre hand puppet marionnette f;

hand signal signal m de la main;

∎ hand signals only (on vehicle) = indique que les clignotants d'un véhicule ne fonctionnent pas;

hand towel serviette f, essuie-mains m inv

➲ hand around separable transitive verb

(distribute) distribuer

➲ hand back separable transitive verb

(return) rapporter, rendre;

∎ she handed me back the bottle elle m'a repassé la bouteille;

∎ Radio & Television I now hand you back to the studio/Jon Snow je rends maintenant l'antenne au studio/à Jon Snow

➲ hand down separable transitive verb

(a) (pass, give from high place) passer, donner;

∎ hand me down the hammer passe-moi ou donne-moi le marteau (qui est là-haut)

(b) (heirloom, story) transmettre;

∎ the necklace/property has been handed down from mother to daughter for six generations le collier est transmis/la propriété est transmise de mère en fille depuis six générations;

∎ all her clothes had been handed down from her older sisters tous ses vêtements venaient de ses sœurs aînées

(c) Law (decision, sentence) annoncer; (judgment) rendre;

∎ American to hand down the budget annoncer le budget

➲ hand in separable transitive verb

(return, surrender → book) rendre; (→ ticket) remettre; (→ exam paper) rendre, remettre; (something found → to authorities, police etc) déposer, remettre;

∎ to hand in one's resignation donner ou remettre sa démission, demissioner

➲ hand off separable transitive verb

Sport (in rugby) raffûter

➲ hand on separable transitive verb

(a) (give to someone else) passer;

∎ to hand sth on to sb passer qch à qn

(b) = hand down (b)

➲ hand out separable transitive verb

(distribute) distribuer;

∎ we hand out 200 free meals a day nous servons 200 repas gratuits par jour;

∎ he's very good at handing out advice il est très fort pour ce qui est de distribuer des conseils;

∎ he's fond of handing it out, but can't take it (criticism) il se permet de critiquer les autres mais il déteste qu'on le critique;

∎ the French boxer handed out a lot of punishment le boxeur français a frappé à coups redoublés

➲ hand over

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (pass, give → object) passer, donner;

∎ Radio & Television we now hand you over to the weather man/Bill Smith in Moscow nous passons maintenant l'antenne à notre météorologue/Bill Smith à Moscou;

∎ Telecommunications I'm handing him over now je te le passe tout de suite

(b) (surrender → weapons, hostage) remettre; (→ criminal) livrer; (→ power, authority) transmettre; Law (→ property) céder;

∎ he was handed over to the French police il a été livré à la ou aux mains de la police française;

∎ hand it over! donne!

2 intransitive verb

∎ to hand over to (government minister, chairman etc) passer le pouvoir à; (in meeting) donner la parole à; Telecommunications passer ou donner le combiné à

➲ hand round separable transitive verb

(distribute) distribuer

➲ hand up separable transitive verb

(pass, give from low place) passer, donner;

∎ hand me up the hammer passe-moi ou donne-moi le marteau (qui est là en bas)

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > hand

См. также в других словарях:

authority — au·thor·i·ty n pl ties 1: an official decision of a court used esp. as a precedent 2 a: a power to act esp. over others that derives from status, position, or office the authority of the president; also: jurisdiction b: the power to act … Law dictionary
principal — prin·ci·pal 1 / prin sə pəl/ adj 1: being the main or most important, consequential, or influential their principal place of business the principal obligor 2: of, relating to, or constituting principal or a principal the principal amount of the… … Law dictionary
authority — Permission. Right to exercise powers; to implement and enforce laws; to exact obedience; to command; to judge. Control over; jurisdiction. Often synonymous with power. The power delegated by a principal to his agent. The lawful delegation of… … Black's law dictionary
authority — Permission. Right to exercise powers; to implement and enforce laws; to exact obedience; to command; to judge. Control over; jurisdiction. Often synonymous with power. The power delegated by a principal to his agent. The lawful delegation of… … Black's law dictionary
principal — adj Chief; leading; most important or considerable; primary; original. Highest in rank, authority, character, importance, or degree. As to principal challenge principal contract principal obligation principal office principal vein, see those… … Black's law dictionary
Principal (commercial law) — In commercial law, a principal is a person ndash;legal or natural ndash;who authorizes an agent to act to create one or more legal relationships with a third party. This branch of law is called agency and relies on the common law proposition qui… … Wikipedia
Control (management) — Controlling is one of the managerial functions like planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action so that deviation from standards are minimized… … Wikipedia
control — verb To exercise restraining or directing influence over. To regulate; restrain; dominate; curb; to hold from action; overpower; counteract; govern noun Power or authority to manage, direct, superintend, restrict, regulate, govern, administer, or … Black's law dictionary
control — verb To exercise restraining or directing influence over. To regulate; restrain; dominate; curb; to hold from action; overpower; counteract; govern noun Power or authority to manage, direct, superintend, restrict, regulate, govern, administer, or … Black's law dictionary
principal — I. adjective Etymology: Middle English, from Anglo French, from Latin principalis, from princip , princeps Date: 14th century 1. most important, consequential, or influential ; chief < the principal ingredient > < the region s principal city > 2 … New Collegiate Dictionary
Principal-agent problem — In political science and economics, the principal agent problem or agency dilemma treats the difficulties that arise under conditions of incomplete and asymmetric information when a principal hires an agent. Various mechanisms may be used to try… … Wikipedia

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principal control authority

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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principal control authority

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